1. Modernity is a condition (and a term) which one may characterise or describe for two essentially different types of societies. The first is an ‘advanced’ or Western society, one in which socio-economic structure and socio-political institutions both differ from what they have fundamentally been and also what changes they were capable of generating from within their own society. The second is a society which had originally been static or even stagnant - incapable of generating changes from within itself -but over the course of time and for various historical reasons, it become subject to the impact of one or more ‘advanced’ societies. In this case, change becomes a fundamental characteristic of the society; the interrelation between this society and those ‘advanced’ societies becomes crucial to an understanding of the development in the former. Iran, by virtue of her long interrelationship with the West, belongs to this second category, therefore, subject to socio-economic and socio-political changes and modernisation.
2. The impact of the ‘advanced’ societies on Iran was revolutionary; it ultimately forced Iranian society to adopt a new form of socio-economic management and undermined the traditional social hierarchy; it infected and transformed the existing elite; introducing new patterns of thought and throughout creating new comparative norms. The shift to modernity could have resulted solely from capital expansion or semi-colonialism, such as in the case of Iran, which remained politically independent. Yet, in any shift of this type, the effects could be far more fundamental and more rapid if the shift preceded the main period of the capital expansion. In this respect, the very exigencies of the struggle for retaining independence led to a more extensive adoption of new socio-economic methods and technological developments - thus to a more widespread disintegration of the existing ways of life and therefore to creation of a new model. The process whereby this occurred may now be traced.
3. The interrelation between Iran’s modernising society and the so-called advanced societies initially led the former model to seek to adopt, in part at least, those aspects of the latter model which were the sources of its strengths, since only in this way could the latter withstood on its own grounds. This involved primarily copying methods of socio-economic management and technological developments, however, the latter could not be affected without simultaneously copying those socio-political relationships which this model demanded. This necessity presented a dilemma to the Iranian political authority: how to change the method of socio-economic management and to develop technology without overly disturbing the existing socio-political relations and ways of life. The Iranian political authority meet the dilemma by pursuing the former model while attempting to take greater control of the latter model through bureaucratic interference, complete domination of socio-economic management - especially capital formation, prevention of the growth of independent socio-economic powers - and – finally - force and oppression. Nonetheless, new social relationships would not be completely suppressed or controlled; they would develop in spite of the political authority’s efforts.
4. In copying an advanced model, Iranian society worked according to a ready-made model. This suggest that it necessarily must reproduce the path followed by the advanced model in reaching that model as well as the actual model itself. In fact, the advantage of being a modernising society, Iran moved directly towards the ‘end-product,’ avoiding some aspects of socio-economic and technological development and implementing only results it desired. This not only shortened the modernisation time-span, but also introduced a different process - ultimately creating a different model which subsumed the model of the more advanced societies and, in some aspects, went beyond it, as evidenced by the disruption of the existing ways of life, the innovative nature of the new way of life and the peculiar intermixing of the whole.
5. By avoiding some of the developmental passages of the Western societies, the new model created curious results by leaping over socio-economic and technological development, Iranian society also by-passed some social forms. Those social grouping which would have come into being and had there been no other ways, had there been an adoption of earlier forms, did not come into being. On the other hand, the social groupings which provided preconditions for latest model did crystallise. Simultaneously, the main elements of the older model remained: An absolutist political group together with the new political authority holding power accumulated via control over the socio-economic management alongside a religious socio-political group holding power accumulated via control over the traditional sectors of economy; a traditionalist petty-merchant population whose reorganisation only occurred to the extent required to make the new sectors viable for immediate purposes. Thus, the overall curious result was institutional dualism, bureaucratic privileges, some advanced industries, a large population of petty-merchants, and – finally - a weak civil society.
6. This situation is characteristic of the unique process of modernisation through which the Iranian society has travelled. The situation may be broken down into the following attributes:
(a) The modernisation process in Iran, far from being complete, is in some ways as advanced as modern societies.
(b) Conversely, sectors of the society have not changed at all, ostensibly at least, so that the overall impact is that of lopsidedness, uneven distribution of wealth and power, the polarisation of society into various groups who are not directly or logically related to one another.
(c) The close proximity of very old and very new models has created stark anomalies in society and consequently has led to a general socio-political condition that is in some aspects progressist while in others self-defeating.
(d) The co-existence within one society of two conflicting socio-political models brought comparison, awareness of alternatives, and eventually a consciousness of modernity, which in some important senses is revolutionary.
(e) The new socio-economic management and socio-political institution have created new goals and aspirations, which are at variance with previous ones, but since the former model have not been wholly adopted and the latter model not wholly abandoned, there is confusion over the goals of the society and a clash between them.
(f) The contradictions inherent in an uneven socio-economic development, the growth of consciousness about modernity and alternatives, the conflict over the goals, and so on, all create disharmony and instability, and make for a political situation which is potentially explosive. In this respect, the peculiar nature and dynamics of novelty make revolution inevitable, and the revolution that have arisen in Iranian society have the character of an unprecedented, combined amalgam, one exhibiting both archaic and contemporary forms.